Elaine Palmer is a Senior Technical Staff Member at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center, and a member of the IBM Academy of Technology. Her research interests are in operating system and firmware security, and security evaluations of software. Her accomplishments include the world's first level 4 certificate under FIPS 140-1 for a tamper-responding secure coprocessor for servers, and the first smart card cryptographic library to be validated at EAL5+ under the Common Criteria. Mrs. Palmer has a BS in computer science from Louisiana State University and an MS in computer science from Pace University. She is a member of the IEEE and a Distinguished Engineer in the ACM, and holds fourteen patents.